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This blog page is dedicated to the resources used to estimate software-intensive systems using traditional and agile development methods. The reason for this resource page is the lack of understanding of how to estimate, the urban myths about software estimating, and the fallacies that estimating is not needed, when developing software, in the presence of uncertainty, when spending other peoples money. Estimating Probable System Cost,” Stephen A. MORE
Here's my three point estimate paradox: We all know we must estimate with three points (numbers). so we do it, reluctantly None of us actually want to work with (do arithmetic with) the three points we estimate. In a word, three point estimates suck -- not convenient, thus often put aside even if estimated -- and most of all: who among us can do arithmetic with three point estimates? MORE
can become an accurate estimating tool for top-down (Analogous) and bottom-up (Parametric) estimating. With accurate estimates, a Risk Reserve, an Estimating Uncertainty Buffer, and appropriate updating, a leveled schedule can provide a realistic and feasible current forecast of the delivery date for products and services, as well as a realistic basis for impact analysis of issues and change-requests. Using a Schedule Template for Estimating. Happy estimating! MORE
We all make estimates; and we all make estimates all the time. When I make the 20 mile trip each Tuesday to a client site, I estimate adjustments to a baseline based on weather and road construction and if I know about an accident. Really, no one sets out to do anything meaningful without some estimate in mind re time, or cost, or risk; usually we can also notionally estimate the scope. So, agile estimate MORE
The best a project manager can do is develop an accurate time estimate for how long it will take to satisfactorily complete the project. Time Estimation Matters. A 2018 study by the Project Management Institute (PMI), in its Pulse of the Profession report, stated that poor time estimating is the root cause for 25 percent of failed projects. Looking into the future to determine how much time it will take complete project tasks allows for an estimation. MORE
That is why duration estimation is one of the most important aspects of project management. In most real life scenarios, clients and mangers are reasonable, giving us some freedom to determine duration estimates for doing our tasks, but this can create other problems. The Estimation Problem. You might hear from the client that the estimates look high. You might explain why you believe the estimates are reasonable based on underlying assumptions. Exact Estimates. MORE
Project managers need to be comfortable with different estimation techniques. Foundational project management courses will teach you about analogous, bottom-up, parametric and three-point estimating. Take a course covering agile delivery and you’ll learn about relative sizing techniques such as estimating poker or t-shirt sizing. Estimate the size or effort of that story or work package. MORE
Cost estimation is critical for project managers. But, it’s hard to estimate project costs well & poor estimates cause project budget over-runs. The post How to Estimate Project Costs | Video appeared first on OnlinePMCourses. Project Budget Management Project Cost Management cost management Estimating video MORE
The post How To Calculate The Cost of Project Management In Your Project Estimate? appeared first on The Digital Project Manager. Dear DPM DPM Podcast MORE
Estimating project work for individual tasks or groups of tasks can be difficult – and it’s important to rely on the project team to either help with estimates or produce the initial estimates that you, as the project manager, then review and document. MORE
There are dozens of quotes from this book floating about, but here's one worth writing down: "It is very difficult to make a vigorous, plausible, and job-risking defense of an estimate that is derived by no. business analysis estimate QuotationsFred Brooks, Jr.'s s "The Mythical Man-month" is still required reading, even if written decades ago. And, as these things go, it has a lot of humor, but also a lot of wit. MORE
Project estimation techniques help project managers accurately estimate essential elements, such as cost and scope , within their projects. What are project estimation techniques? An estimate is a rough calculation of something. Why are project estimates important? MORE
You are assigned to manage a project and before you or your team have had an opportunity to start to chip away at the looming mountain of uncertainty, you get put on the spot to provide a cost or schedule estimate by your project sponsor or some other stakeholder. To make matters worse, your company’s project delivery methodology might insist that an estimate gets provided before work has even commenced. It’s unfortunately an all too familiar scenario. MORE
Project managers generally like plans and estimates so we can forecast when things should be done and how much they may cost. " So, when project managers hear about ideas such as "let's stop estimating," it can trigger a knee-jerk reaction. MORE
Estimating successfully is all about getting the right amount of funding to enable you to successfully deliver a project. The post How To Estimate Projects: The Complete Guide To Project Budget & Cost Estimation appeared first on The Digital Project Manager. But creating a project budget that works – delivering worthwhile value for a client at a cost that’s still going to make a respectable profit for the agency is a tricky balance, so how do you do it right? MORE
Creating an accurate estimate up front will help balance both sides by setting client expectations and preventing surprise costs from compromising profit margins. Having an accurate, reusable estimation model plays a pivotal role. What Makes an Accurate Estimation Model? The estimation process should not simply result in one high-level cost estimate and overview of deliverables. The Importance of Estimation Models. The Estimation Process Review. MORE
Good cost estimation is essential for keeping a project under budget. Many costs can appear over the life cycle of a project, and an accurate estimation method can be the difference between a successful plan and a failed one. Estimation, however, is easier said than done. Cost estimation is the process that takes those factors into account, and calculates a budget that meets the financial commitment necessary for a successful project. An Overview of Cost Estimation. MORE
There are several methods for using project scope to help estimate deliverables, including a top-down or bottom-up approach. Analyze Published Estimating Data. Calculating resources in project management is one of the primary skills for a project manager. MORE
Estimation is an invaluable tool for anticipating and managing project uncertainties. Accurate project estimates help identify cost and schedule requirements with relative precision, and reduce the risk of running out of time, resources, and budget during a project. But even with years of experience, project managers struggle with accurate project estimates. It’s easier to estimate in ranges because it alleviates the pressure of not meeting a single-point estimate. MORE
There's a never-ending opportunity to learn how to estimate in the presence of uncertainty. When you hear that estimates are a waste (we'd rather be coding), estimates are fiction, we're bad at estimating, and the plethora of other excuses for not learning how to estimate, ask if that person has done the minimal homework to learn how to estimate needed to make decisions in the presence of uncertainty found on all software development projects. . MORE
Since all risk comes from uncertainty - reducible (Epistemic) and irreducible (Aleatory), estimating is a foundation of all we do. There is no discussion of the conjecture that estimates are a waste, estimates can't be done, estimates are evil, estimates must be stopped immediately. To be informed how to estimate in this broad range of domains, problems, and impacts - education, exp[erience, and skill are needed. Gow to avoid common estimating mistakes. MORE
Let's talk about the challenges of schedule estimates and three estimating techniques that can help us do a better job with our estimates. Lastly, we'll look at how to respond to future requests for estimates. Challenges With Schedule Estimates. What happens if someone estimates a task to take 10 days when it should only take 5 days. Conversely, what happens when someone estimates a task to take 5 days when it should take 10 days? MORE
Knowing how to estimate project duration can help teams become more efficient and improve on-time and on-budget delivery. . When it comes to project management time estimation, there are a couple of likely scenarios. Why is it important to estimate project duration? MORE
Importantly, we have to be able to do that without redirecting the whole org to create an estimate. We have to get good at taking ambiguous requirements and translating them into chunks that we can meaningfully size, even though we have very little info — rapid estimation. Some organizations deal with this by disrupting current work to pull bunches of people into estimating these big chunks of work. Sometimes I’ll call this rapid estimation a SWAG. MORE
Poor estimates are often a major factor in these projects. So, let's look at 7 ways to improve project estimates. Define the project work One of the top reasons for poor estimates is poor project definition. Ask the experts to estimate the work It's a mistake for project managers to estimate the work. Have the subject matter experts estimate the work. Let the individuals who will do the work render the estimates. Want better estimates? MORE
The more accurate your estimates, the more likely you’ll keep to your budget and deliver a project on time. Using a project estimate template is the perfect way to get your project planning on the right track. Download the Project Estimate Template. Estimate Details. MORE
The post Sustainable Estimating appeared first on Delivering a better world, one project at a time. The only certainty is that nothing is certain. Pliny the Elder, Roman scholar, 23-79 CE Our culture encodes a strong bias either to neglect or ignore variation. We tend to focus instead on measures of central tendency, and as a result we make some terrible mistakes, often with considerable practical import. Stephen Jay Gould, naturalist, […]. MORE
The post Challenges with Using PERT for Estimating appeared first on Delivering a better world, one project at a time. This post was modified from one I developed several years ago for the Mercure AACE 2013 program I took, called W5_PM_PERT-Challenges. I am still surprised that with the number of project managers I meet who recommend this technique, which effectively puts the Flaw of Averages on steroids. This post is not specifically about sustainable change […]. MORE
As a Project Manager, doing project ESTIMATION is a key responsibility but how often are we able to deliver the project under budgeted cost and time? What will help in this scenario would be the right understanding of estimation tools and techniques. There are many techniques for project estimation like Bottom-Up Estimation, Parametric Estimation and Analogous Estimation. To start with, let’s understand Analogous Estimation, what exactly does it mean? MORE
I started thinking about how common it is for people to not be able to provide good estimates. It was ironic, but part of the work with my client that week was explaining the technique of relative estimates using t-shirt sizes and story points. The team I was working with was new to agile and used to the old way of doing absolute estimates, which as we all know are not as accurate because of things like student syndrome or Parkinson's Law. MORE
There are two reasons why Project Estimation is a big deal for project managers. And second, poor estimates are often a primary reason for a project cost or schedule over-run. So, in this article, we’ll take a careful look at project estimation, to help you learn how to master the art and craft of doing it well. What is Project Estimation? Why is Project Estimation so hard? The Estimation Knife Edge. Methods and Tools for Project Estimation. MORE
How do you deal with a team that refuses to estimate how long tasks will take? Estimating can be done in several solid ways, and frankly, it sounds as if your colleagues don’t know how to estimate properly or are scared to give you the timescales that pop into their heads. It is difficult to estimate when the task is too big. If the tasks are too chunky, it will be too challenging to come up with anything like a realistic estimate. MORE
Mike Cohn on estimating (from his email blasts): "Because I've written a book on estimating, people seem to think I estimate everything on my product backlog. I ask a team to estimate a product backlog item only when having the estimate will lead to actionably different behavior. So, for example, I might ask a team for an estimate on a user story so that I can decide if I want. agile estimate MORE
Planning Poker is a great freemium agile estimation digital card game that enables a collaborative approach for consensus-driven estimating to guide sprint planning. The post Planning Poker – build accurate estimates for sprints on agile projects appeared first on The Digital Project Manager. Play around. General Tools MORE
A statistical model for estimating isn’t normally something I’d put in the ‘make my job easy’ box, but I might just have found one that works. He’s taken the PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) estimating approach to the next level by letting you add a dash of professional judgement in with the numbers. What if you want an estimate that is, say, 75% reliable? PERT can’t give you those kinds of estimates. How reliable is this estimate?”. MORE
Improve buy-in and support for your project budgets Do you ever feel like the Lone Ranger when trying to improve cost estimates? Many project managers are left to their own devices when estimating projects. So, how can we improve our cost estimates? Not only will you improve your cost estimates, but you’ll also get better buy-in and support in keeping the project within budget. 3 Techniques to Improve Cost Estimates. She conducted an estimating workshop. MORE
s "The Mythical Man-month" "It is very difficult to make a vigorous, plausible, and job-risking defense of an estimate that is derived by no quantitative method, supported by little data, and certified chiefly by the hunches of the managers" Bookmark this on Delicious. estimateToday's quote: Here's a quotation that is a favorite of mine drawn from Fred Brooks, Jr.'s MORE
Estimates. An Estimate is a value inferred for a population of values based on data collected from a sample of data from that population. The estimate can also be produced parametrically or through a simulation (Monte Carlo is common, but Method of Moments is another we use). . Estimates can be about the past, present, or future. We can estimate the number of clams in the Pleistocene era that are in the shale formations near our house. Estimate to Complete. MORE
Estimate Related Topics ProjectManager.com
JANUARY 8, 2021
The more accurate your estimates, the more likely you’ll keep to your budget and deliver a project on time. Using a project estimate template is the perfect way to get your project planning on the right track. Download the Project Estimate Template. Estimate Details.
ProjectManager.com
AUGUST 21, 2019
Good cost estimation is essential for keeping a project under budget. Many costs can appear over the life cycle of a project, and an accurate estimation method can be the difference between a successful plan and a failed one. Estimation, however, is easier said than done. Cost estimation is the process that takes those factors into account, and calculates a budget that meets the financial commitment necessary for a successful project. An Overview of Cost Estimation.
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Zen Project Management
MAY 22, 2017
I started thinking about how common it is for people to not be able to provide good estimates. It was ironic, but part of the work with my client that week was explaining the technique of relative estimates using t-shirt sizes and story points. The team I was working with was new to agile and used to the old way of doing absolute estimates, which as we all know are not as accurate because of things like student syndrome or Parkinson's Law.
Leading Answers
AUGUST 25, 2020
Project managers generally like plans and estimates so we can forecast when things should be done and how much they may cost. " So, when project managers hear about ideas such as "let's stop estimating," it can trigger a knee-jerk reaction.
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What’s more, these features contribute 54 percent of the overall value of software products, as estimated by independent. You need to take another step to estimate. To estimate the relative value of your mid-range tier, review. Estimate how much of the 100 percent.
LiquidPlanner
NOVEMBER 1, 2018
How do you deal with a team that refuses to estimate how long tasks will take? Estimating can be done in several solid ways, and frankly, it sounds as if your colleagues don’t know how to estimate properly or are scared to give you the timescales that pop into their heads. It is difficult to estimate when the task is too big. If the tasks are too chunky, it will be too challenging to come up with anything like a realistic estimate.
Musings on Project Management
AUGUST 14, 2017
We all make estimates; and we all make estimates all the time. When I make the 20 mile trip each Tuesday to a client site, I estimate adjustments to a baseline based on weather and road construction and if I know about an accident. Really, no one sets out to do anything meaningful without some estimate in mind re time, or cost, or risk; usually we can also notionally estimate the scope. So, agile estimate
Green Project Management
JANUARY 15, 2018
The post Sustainable Estimating appeared first on Delivering a better world, one project at a time. The only certainty is that nothing is certain. Pliny the Elder, Roman scholar, 23-79 CE Our culture encodes a strong bias either to neglect or ignore variation. We tend to focus instead on measures of central tendency, and as a result we make some terrible mistakes, often with considerable practical import. Stephen Jay Gould, naturalist, […].
Project Risk Coach
JUNE 22, 2020
Poor estimates are often a major factor in these projects. So, let's look at 7 ways to improve project estimates. Define the project work One of the top reasons for poor estimates is poor project definition. Ask the experts to estimate the work It's a mistake for project managers to estimate the work. Have the subject matter experts estimate the work. Let the individuals who will do the work render the estimates. Want better estimates?
Project Risk Coach
JUNE 11, 2018
Let's talk about the challenges of schedule estimates and three estimating techniques that can help us do a better job with our estimates. Lastly, we'll look at how to respond to future requests for estimates. Challenges With Schedule Estimates. What happens if someone estimates a task to take 10 days when it should only take 5 days. Conversely, what happens when someone estimates a task to take 5 days when it should take 10 days?
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Embedded analytics has become so important that teams estimate it contributes 51 percent of an application’s. 2018 STATE OF. EMBEDDED. ANALYTICS. REPORT The Sixth Annual Review of Embedded. Analytics Trends and Tactics | 2018 LOGI ANALYTICS STATE OF EMBEDDED ANALYTICS REPORT TABLE OF.
ProjectManager.com
SEPTEMBER 26, 2019
The best a project manager can do is develop an accurate time estimate for how long it will take to satisfactorily complete the project. Time Estimation Matters. A 2018 study by the Project Management Institute (PMI), in its Pulse of the Profession report, stated that poor time estimating is the root cause for 25 percent of failed projects. Looking into the future to determine how much time it will take complete project tasks allows for an estimation.
MPUG
APRIL 2, 2020
can become an accurate estimating tool for top-down (Analogous) and bottom-up (Parametric) estimating. With accurate estimates, a Risk Reserve, an Estimating Uncertainty Buffer, and appropriate updating, a leveled schedule can provide a realistic and feasible current forecast of the delivery date for products and services, as well as a realistic basis for impact analysis of issues and change-requests. Using a Schedule Template for Estimating. Happy estimating!
Musings on Project Management
SEPTEMBER 5, 2018
Here's my three point estimate paradox: We all know we must estimate with three points (numbers). so we do it, reluctantly None of us actually want to work with (do arithmetic with) the three points we estimate. In a word, three point estimates suck -- not convenient, thus often put aside even if estimated -- and most of all: who among us can do arithmetic with three point estimates?
The Digital Project Manager
DECEMBER 5, 2017
Estimating successfully is all about getting the right amount of funding to enable you to successfully deliver a project. The post How To Estimate Projects: The Complete Guide To Project Budget & Cost Estimation appeared first on The Digital Project Manager. But creating a project budget that works – delivering worthwhile value for a client at a cost that’s still going to make a respectable profit for the agency is a tricky balance, so how do you do it right?
Brad Egeland
JANUARY 10, 2021
Estimating project work for individual tasks or groups of tasks can be difficult – and it’s important to rely on the project team to either help with estimates or produce the initial estimates that you, as the project manager, then review and document.
Girl's Guide to PM
OCTOBER 10, 2016
A statistical model for estimating isn’t normally something I’d put in the ‘make my job easy’ box, but I might just have found one that works. He’s taken the PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) estimating approach to the next level by letting you add a dash of professional judgement in with the numbers. What if you want an estimate that is, say, 75% reliable? PERT can’t give you those kinds of estimates. How reliable is this estimate?”.
Online PM Courses
APRIL 15, 2020
Cost estimation is critical for project managers. But, it’s hard to estimate project costs well & poor estimates cause project budget over-runs. The post How to Estimate Project Costs | Video appeared first on OnlinePMCourses. Project Budget Management Project Cost Management cost management Estimating video
Online PM Courses
JUNE 3, 2018
There are two reasons why Project Estimation is a big deal for project managers. And second, poor estimates are often a primary reason for a project cost or schedule over-run. So, in this article, we’ll take a careful look at project estimation, to help you learn how to master the art and craft of doing it well. What is Project Estimation? Why is Project Estimation so hard? The Estimation Knife Edge. Methods and Tools for Project Estimation.
Musings on Project Management
FEBRUARY 1, 2016
s "The Mythical Man-month" "It is very difficult to make a vigorous, plausible, and job-risking defense of an estimate that is derived by no quantitative method, supported by little data, and certified chiefly by the hunches of the managers" Bookmark this on Delicious. estimateToday's quote: Here's a quotation that is a favorite of mine drawn from Fred Brooks, Jr.'s
Wrike
OCTOBER 19, 2020
Project estimation techniques help project managers accurately estimate essential elements, such as cost and scope , within their projects. What are project estimation techniques? An estimate is a rough calculation of something. Why are project estimates important?
The Digital Project Manager
MAY 13, 2019
The post How To Calculate The Cost of Project Management In Your Project Estimate? appeared first on The Digital Project Manager. Dear DPM DPM Podcast
Musings on Project Management
AUGUST 9, 2016
There are dozens of quotes from this book floating about, but here's one worth writing down: "It is very difficult to make a vigorous, plausible, and job-risking defense of an estimate that is derived by no. business analysis estimate QuotationsFred Brooks, Jr.'s s "The Mythical Man-month" is still required reading, even if written decades ago. And, as these things go, it has a lot of humor, but also a lot of wit.
Kiron Bondale
JULY 3, 2016
You are assigned to manage a project and before you or your team have had an opportunity to start to chip away at the looming mountain of uncertainty, you get put on the spot to provide a cost or schedule estimate by your project sponsor or some other stakeholder. To make matters worse, your company’s project delivery methodology might insist that an estimate gets provided before work has even commenced. It’s unfortunately an all too familiar scenario.
MavenLink
SEPTEMBER 22, 2020
There are several methods for using project scope to help estimate deliverables, including a top-down or bottom-up approach. Analyze Published Estimating Data. Calculating resources in project management is one of the primary skills for a project manager.
MavenLink
APRIL 18, 2019
Creating an accurate estimate up front will help balance both sides by setting client expectations and preventing surprise costs from compromising profit margins. Having an accurate, reusable estimation model plays a pivotal role. What Makes an Accurate Estimation Model? The estimation process should not simply result in one high-level cost estimate and overview of deliverables. The Importance of Estimation Models. The Estimation Process Review.
Wrike
JULY 29, 2020
Knowing how to estimate project duration can help teams become more efficient and improve on-time and on-budget delivery. . When it comes to project management time estimation, there are a couple of likely scenarios. Why is it important to estimate project duration?
MPUG
JULY 8, 2019
That is why duration estimation is one of the most important aspects of project management. In most real life scenarios, clients and mangers are reasonable, giving us some freedom to determine duration estimates for doing our tasks, but this can create other problems. The Estimation Problem. You might hear from the client that the estimates look high. You might explain why you believe the estimates are reasonable based on underlying assumptions. Exact Estimates.
Herding Cats
MAY 7, 2019
This blog page is dedicated to the resources used to estimate software-intensive systems using traditional and agile development methods. The reason for this resource page is the lack of understanding of how to estimate, the urban myths about software estimating, and the fallacies that estimating is not needed, when developing software, in the presence of uncertainty, when spending other peoples money. Estimating Probable System Cost,” Stephen A.
Project Risk Coach
JANUARY 16, 2017
Improve buy-in and support for your project budgets Do you ever feel like the Lone Ranger when trying to improve cost estimates? Many project managers are left to their own devices when estimating projects. So, how can we improve our cost estimates? Not only will you improve your cost estimates, but you’ll also get better buy-in and support in keeping the project within budget. 3 Techniques to Improve Cost Estimates. She conducted an estimating workshop.
Herding Cats
NOVEMBER 27, 2016
Estimates. An Estimate is a value inferred for a population of values based on data collected from a sample of data from that population. The estimate can also be produced parametrically or through a simulation (Monte Carlo is common, but Method of Moments is another we use). . Estimates can be about the past, present, or future. We can estimate the number of clams in the Pleistocene era that are in the shale formations near our house. Estimate to Complete.
LiquidPlanner
FEBRUARY 22, 2018
Estimation is an invaluable tool for anticipating and managing project uncertainties. Accurate project estimates help identify cost and schedule requirements with relative precision, and reduce the risk of running out of time, resources, and budget during a project. But even with years of experience, project managers struggle with accurate project estimates. It’s easier to estimate in ranges because it alleviates the pressure of not meeting a single-point estimate.
The Digital Project Manager
MARCH 30, 2017
Planning Poker is a great freemium agile estimation digital card game that enables a collaborative approach for consensus-driven estimating to guide sprint planning. The post Planning Poker – build accurate estimates for sprints on agile projects appeared first on The Digital Project Manager. Play around. General Tools
Leading Agile
FEBRUARY 25, 2019
Importantly, we have to be able to do that without redirecting the whole org to create an estimate. We have to get good at taking ambiguous requirements and translating them into chunks that we can meaningfully size, even though we have very little info — rapid estimation. Some organizations deal with this by disrupting current work to pull bunches of people into estimating these big chunks of work. Sometimes I’ll call this rapid estimation a SWAG.
iZenBridge
NOVEMBER 26, 2019
As a Project Manager, doing project ESTIMATION is a key responsibility but how often are we able to deliver the project under budgeted cost and time? What will help in this scenario would be the right understanding of estimation tools and techniques. There are many techniques for project estimation like Bottom-Up Estimation, Parametric Estimation and Analogous Estimation. To start with, let’s understand Analogous Estimation, what exactly does it mean?
Kiron Bondale
FEBRUARY 18, 2018
Project managers need to be comfortable with different estimation techniques. Foundational project management courses will teach you about analogous, bottom-up, parametric and three-point estimating. Take a course covering agile delivery and you’ll learn about relative sizing techniques such as estimating poker or t-shirt sizing. Estimate the size or effort of that story or work package.
Herding Cats
NOVEMBER 3, 2016
Since all risk comes from uncertainty - reducible (Epistemic) and irreducible (Aleatory), estimating is a foundation of all we do. There is no discussion of the conjecture that estimates are a waste, estimates can't be done, estimates are evil, estimates must be stopped immediately. To be informed how to estimate in this broad range of domains, problems, and impacts - education, exp[erience, and skill are needed. Gow to avoid common estimating mistakes.
Herding Cats
SEPTEMBER 28, 2016
There's a never-ending opportunity to learn how to estimate in the presence of uncertainty. When you hear that estimates are a waste (we'd rather be coding), estimates are fiction, we're bad at estimating, and the plethora of other excuses for not learning how to estimate, ask if that person has done the minimal homework to learn how to estimate needed to make decisions in the presence of uncertainty found on all software development projects. .
Green Project Management
JANUARY 15, 2018
The post Challenges with Using PERT for Estimating appeared first on Delivering a better world, one project at a time. This post was modified from one I developed several years ago for the Mercure AACE 2013 program I took, called W5_PM_PERT-Challenges. I am still surprised that with the number of project managers I meet who recommend this technique, which effectively puts the Flaw of Averages on steroids. This post is not specifically about sustainable change […].
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